Clinical Chemistry

Clinical chemistry is the area of chemistry that is generally concerned with the analysis of bodily fluids for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. It is an applied form of biochemistry. The discipline originated in the late 19th century with the use of simple chemical reaction tests for various components of blood and urine. In the many decades since, other techniques have been applied as science and technology have advanced, including the use and measurement of enzyme activities, spectrophotometry, electrophoresis, and immunoassay. There are now many blood tests and clinical urine tests with extensive diagnostic capabilities.

Most current laboratories are now highly automated to accommodate the high workload typical of a hospital laboratory. Tests performed are closely monitored and quality controlled. All biochemical tests come under chemical pathology. These are performed on any kind of body fluid, but mostly on serum or plasma. The serum is the yellow watery part of blood that is left after blood has been allowed to clot and all blood cells have been removed. This is most easily done by centrifugation, which packs the denser blood cells and platelets to the bottom of the centrifuge tube, leaving the liquid serum fraction resting above the packed cells. This initial step before analysis has recently been included in instruments that operate on the "integrated system" principle. Plasma is in essence the same as a serum but is obtained by centrifuging the blood without clotting. Plasma is obtained by centrifugation before clotting occurs. The type of test required dictates what type of sample is used.

This large array of tests can be categorized into sub-specialties of:

  • General or routine chemistry – commonly ordered blood chemistries (e.g., liver and kidney function tests).
  • Special chemistry - elaborate techniques such as electrophoresis, and manual testing methods.
  • Clinical endocrinology – the study of hormones, and diagnosis of endocrine disorders.
  • Toxicology – the study of drugs of abuse and other chemicals.
  • Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – measurement of therapeutic medication levels to optimize dosage.
  • Urinalysis – chemical analysis of urine for a wide array of diseases, along with other fluids such as CSF and effusions
  • Fecal analysis – mostly for detection of gastrointestinal disorders.
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